Entrepreneurs and Bankers: The Evolution of Corporate Empires
Entrepreneurs: Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835 - August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist and one of the highest profile philanthropists of his era and had given away almost 90 percent of his fortune to charities and foundations by the time of his death. His 1889 article proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, and stimulated a wave of philanthropy. He emigrated to America with his very poor parents in 1848. Carnegie started as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges and oil derricks. He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J.P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million (in 2014, $13.6 billion), creating the U.S. Steel Corporation. His life has often been referred to as a true "rags to riches" story. He died in 1919, at the age of 83, of bronchial pneumonia.
Andrew Carnegie, Scottish-American Industrialist. Photograph. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 19 Jan 2021.
quest.eb.com/search/139_3824751/1/139_3824751/cite. Accessed 13 Jan 2022.
Andrew Carnegie by 
Biographies of the New World Power by 
Andrew Carnegie
"Andrew Carnegie." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 10 Sep. 2020. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Andrew-Carnegie/20402. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.
ANDREW CARNEGIE: FIRST MAN OF STEEL
Sherman, Laurel. "ANDREW CARNEGIE: FIRST MAN OF STEEL." Cobblestone, vol. 35, no. 3, 03, 2014, pp. 10-13. ProQuest, https://www.proquest.com/magazines/andrew-carnegie-first-man-steel/docview/1509432793/se-2?accountid=147606.
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie, Andrew . image. Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 13 Nov. 2021. school.eb.com/levels/high/assembly/view/226346. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.
Booker T. Washington (front row, centre left), with Andrew Carnegie and other sponsors of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (later Tuskegee University), Alabama, 1903.
HOMESTEAD STRIKE; 1892. Pennsylvania milita camped on a hill overlooking the town during the strike against the Carnegie Steel Company at Homestead; Pennsylvania; July 1892.
Photograph. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 31 Aug 2017.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1807375/1/140_1807375/cite. Accessed 13 Jan 2022.
Entrepreneurs: John D. Rockefeller
John Davison Rockefeller (1839 - 1937), American oil magnate. Rockefeller went into business with the inventor of a cheap oil refining process, Samuel Andrews, in 1862. Their business was succesfull and Rockefeller and his brother, William, founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870. They quickly controlled 90% of oil production and the company was declared an illegal monopoly in 1892 and was dissolved in 1899.
John Davison Rockefeller. Photography. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/139_1942537/1/139_1942537/cite. Accessed 13 Jan 2022.
Titan by Biographies of the New World Power by
The muckraker vs. the millionaire
Reitman, Janet. "The muckraker vs. the millionaire." Scholastic Update, vol. 131, no. 5, Nov 02, 1998, pp. 14-16. ProQuest, https://www.proquest.com/magazines/muckraker-vs-millionaire/docview/207626981/se-2?accountid=147606.
John D. Rockefeller: Oil King
Krasner, Barbara D. "John D. Rockefeller: Oil King." Cobblestone, vol. 35, no. 3, 03, 2014, pp. 18-21. ProQuest, https://www.proquest.com/magazines/john-d-rockefeller-oil-king/docview/1509432859/se-2?accountid=147606.
John D. Rockefeller
"John D. Rockefeller." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 12 Jan. 2021. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/John-D-Rockefeller/63982. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.
John D. Rockefeller (left) walking with his son, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., about 1915.
John D. Rockefeller and his son, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. . image. Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 13 Nov. 2021. school.eb.com/levels/high/assembly/view/242010. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER (1839-1937). - American oil magnate. Rockefeller, center, at his Florida estate with a Henry Ford representative, Mr. Bowman, and wife.
Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1668958/1/140_1668958/cite. Accessed 13 Jan 2022.
TAMMANY HALL - New York City
William Mooney, an upholsterer in New York City, founded the Society of St. Tammany, or Columbian Order, on May 12, 1789, a few days after the inauguration of George Washington as the first president under the Constitution of the United States of America. Mooney’s purpose was to create a national society that would be native in character and democratic in principle and action. Its officers were given Native American titles: at its head was the grand sachem, chosen from among his fellow chiefs, or sachems.
For more than three decades after its organization, Tammany represented middle-class opposition to the Federalist Party. However, its “democracy” did not incorporate the aspirations of the lower economic groups. During this period it lost its national and nonpolitical character and became intimately identified with politics in New York City.
Under the control of Aaron Burr until his political downfall following his duel with Alexander Hamilton in 1804, the society played an influential role in bringing about the victories of the Democratic-Republican Party and was richly rewarded by Thomas Jefferson after he became president in 1801.
Boss Tweed
Boss Tweed. ProQuest, 2018. ProQuest, https://www.proquest.com/other-sources/boss-tweed/docview/1959632221/se-2?accountid=147606.
Tammany Hall
"Tammany Hall." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 27 Sep. 2019. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Tammany-Hall/71120. Accessed 14 Jan. 2022.
Reinventing Tammany Hall
"Reinventing Tammany Hall." Government Executive, vol. 29, no. 1, 1997, pp. 41. ProQuest, https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/reinventing
TAMMANY HALL, c1880. - Tammany Hall, photographed c1880, when located on the north side of 14th Street between Irving Place and Third Avenue.
Fine Art. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/140_1647043/1/140_1647043/cite. Accessed 13 Jan 2022.
Interior view of the Tammany Hall, decorated for the National Convention on July 4th, 1868
Colour lithograph. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/108_4086871/1/108_4086871/cite. Accessed 13 Jan 2022.
Three Kings - A German cartoon of 1903 of the three kings of American industry. Left to right: 'Steel King' Andrew Carnegie (1835 - 1919) of the Carnegie Steel Company, 'Trust King' financier and banker J. P. Morgan (1837 - 1913) and 'Oil King' William Rockefeller (1841 - 1922) of Standard Oil
Three Kings. Photographer. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/115_891583/1/115_891583/cite. Accessed 13 Jan 2022.