As people moved from farms to the cities, urban areas rapidly doubled or tripled in size. People faced less than desirable conditions for working & living because housing, water & social services were few and far between. Crowded living conditions in buildings that had no running water and functioning bathrooms exacerbated problems since sanitary codes and building controls were nonexistent. These sanitation shortcomings led to disease and sickness sweeping through the populations. Workdays for both adults and children were long & hard with little break time and poor working conditions.
Child Labor and the British Industrial Revolution
Reed, Lawrence W. "Child Labor and the British Industrial Revolution." Freeman, vol. 59, no. 9, 11, 2009, pp. 4-5. ProQuest, https://www.proquest.com/magazines/child-labor-british-industrial-revolution/docview/196591207/se-2?accountid=147606.
History of child labor in the United States-part 1: little children working
Schuman, Michael. "History of Child Labor in the United States-Part 1: Little Children Working: MLR." Monthly Labor Review, 2017, ProQuest, https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/history-child-labor-united-states-part-1-little/docview/1866515899/se-2?accountid=147606.
Working-Class Culture and Politics in the Industrial Revolution: Sources of Loyalism and Rebellion
Dawley, Alan, and Paul Faler. “Working-Class Culture and Politics in the Industrial Revolution: Sources of Loyalism and Rebellion.” Journal of Social History, vol. 9, no. 4, Oxford University Press, 1976, pp. 466–80, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3786726.
Primary Sources: Interview with former child
laborer in the Industrial Revolution
Photographer documented work-life of child
laborers in the early 1900s
The Industrial Revolution and the Growth of Cities
Industrialization changed the world's labor
and everyday life
Industrial America: The Gilded Age
Industrial America by 
A Sweatshop During the Industrial Revolution by 
Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850 by 
Children applying for working papers in New York City, 1908.
Photograph by Lewis W. Hine. (Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration, NWDNS-102-LH-17A.)
Breaker boys, Woodward Coal Mines, Kingston, Pa.
Detroit Publishing Co., Copyright Claimant, and Publisher Detroit Publishing Co. Breaker boys, Woodward Coal Mines, Kingston, Pa. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2016801353/>.
Capital and Labour, Punch, 1843
Photo. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.
quest.eb.com/search/109_240129/1/109_240129/cite. Accessed 19 Jan 2022.